Europa Clipper, 2024, I think.

ides and a wet-dry …ul catalytic surfaces make them ideal for synthesizing the various biochemicals necessary for life. The extreme depths and hadean blackness of hydrothermal vents provide both challenges and advantages for the origin of life. The lack of sunlight, of UV radiation as an energy source, is a challenge to some theories of how life began. The lack of tides and a wet-dry cycle from the young moon similarly challenge some ideas of the cr…

The Early Earth Before Life Began

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